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Clinical Evidence and Rights Status for Published Instruments

Editorial corrections: 2026-09-05. Site owner: Jason Ramirez, CADC-II.

Why we publish per-instrument evidence

A published screening instrument is different from an original educational quiz or reflection tool. MindCheck Tools labels those categories separately. This directory covers the published instruments listed below; it is not a claim that every tool on the site is clinically validated or appropriate for every population.

This page currently documents 28 instruments. Each entry identifies the developers, publication, validation population, public-site status, reuse boundary, and a primary-source link. Instrument mechanics and validation metrics are shown only for maintained interactive implementations. Information-only entries intentionally omit questionnaire, score, cutoff, and result mechanics.

Reuse and license notes are informational, not legal permission. Anyone republishing an instrument should confirm current terms with the author or rights holder.

For an overview of how the site uses these instruments, including scoring, privacy, and the limits of editorial review, see the methodology page.

PHQ-9 Patient Health Questionnaire-9

Open the PHQ-9 self-check page

First published
2001
Items
9
Score range
0 to 27
Original developers
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW
Population validated on
3,000 adult primary care patients and 3,000 obstetrics-gynecology patients (PHQ validation cohorts)
Recommended threshold
Cut score of 10 commonly used; severity bands at 5 (mild), 10 (moderate), 15 (moderately severe), 20 (severe).
Sensitivity
88% at cut score of 10 (per the original validation paper)
Specificity
88% at cut score of 10
Availability / reuse note
Free for clinical and research use; released by Pfizer with no permission required for use.
Primary source citation
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. Patient Health Questionnaire-9. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2001. PMID 11556941. [Verified on PubMed]

PHQ-4 Patient Health Questionnaire-4

Open the PHQ-4 self-check page

First published
2009
Items
4 (two PHQ-2 depression items plus two GAD-2 anxiety items)
Score range
0 to 12 (each subscale 0 to 6)
Original developers
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B
Population validated on
2,149 patients from 15 U.S. primary-care clinics in the cited 2009 study.
Recommended threshold
A score of 3 or higher on either the depression or anxiety subscale is commonly used as a positive screen.
Sensitivity
Reported across multiple cut-points and validation samples; refer to the original paper.
Specificity
Reported across multiple cut-points and validation samples; refer to the original paper.
Availability / reuse note
Free for clinical and research use; released by Pfizer.
Primary source citation
Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Löwe B. Patient Health Questionnaire-4. Psychosomatics, 2009. PMID 19996233. [Verified on PubMed]

GAD-7 Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale

Open the GAD-7 self-check page

First published
2006
Items
7
Score range
0 to 21
Original developers
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B
Population validated on
2,740 adult primary care patients across 15 clinics.
Recommended threshold
Severity cut points at 5 (mild), 10 (moderate), and 15 (severe). A cut of 10 commonly used to flag clinically significant anxiety.
Sensitivity
89% (at cut score of 10 for generalized anxiety disorder)
Specificity
82% (at cut score of 10)
Availability / reuse note
Free for clinical and research use; released by Pfizer.
Primary source citation
Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, Löwe B. Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale. Archives of Internal Medicine, 2006. PMID 16717171. [Verified on PubMed]

AUDIT Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test

Open the AUDIT self-check page

First published
1993
Items
10
Score range
0 to 40
Original developers
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M
Population validated on
WHO collaborative project across 6 countries; primary health care patients.
Recommended threshold
Cut of 8 for hazardous drinking in men; the WHO manual recommends a lower cut (7) for women and adults over 65.
Sensitivity
92% of harmful drinkers had AUDIT scores of 8 or more (per original paper)
Specificity
94% of non-hazardous drinkers had AUDIT scores under 8
Availability / reuse note
The WHO manual and current WHO permissions policy must be considered for the intended use. Public availability is not a blanket commercial-use grant. Conflicting public-domain and noncommercial-use descriptions require rights-holder clarification before commercial reuse.
Rights sources: WHO AUDIT manual; WHO permissions policy. Checked September 5, 2026; source checking is not legal clearance.
Primary source citation
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Addiction, 1993. PMID 8329970. [Verified on PubMed]

AUDIT-C AUDIT Consumption (3-item brief screen)

Open the AUDIT-C self-check page

First published
1998
Items
3
Score range
0 to 12
Original developers
Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA
Population validated on
243 male outpatients at a Veterans Affairs general medical clinic.
Recommended threshold
4 or higher in men, 3 or higher in women (commonly used in U.S. VA practice).
Sensitivity
Area under the ROC curve of 0.88 to 0.89 in the original sample; cut-specific sensitivity varies by population.
Specificity
Cut-specific specificity varies; see original paper.
Availability / reuse note
AUDIT-C derives from AUDIT, but rights for one version or setting must not be assumed to cover another. MindCheck Tools keeps this resource outside commercial offers; that separation alone does not establish commercial-use permission.
Rights sources: WHO permissions policy. Checked September 5, 2026; source checking is not legal clearance.
Primary source citation
Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. AUDIT Consumption (3-item brief screen). Archives of Internal Medicine, 1998. PMID 9738608. [Verified on PubMed]

CAGE-AID CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs

Read the CAGE-AID information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
1995
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Brown RL, Rounds LA
Population validated on
124 primary care patients.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. A University of Washington clinical source page is not a transferable grant for public commercial electronic administration; no rights-holder grant covering this implementation is on file.
Primary source citation
Brown RL, Rounds LA. CAGE Adapted to Include Drugs. Wisconsin Medical Journal, 1995. PMID 7778330. [Verified on PubMed]
Notes
Adapted from the original CAGE questionnaire (Ewing JA, JAMA 1984, PMID 6471323).

DAST-10 Drug Abuse Screening Test, 10-item short form

First published
1982
Items
10 in the short form (DAST-10); 28 in the original DAST
Score range
0 to 10 (DAST-10)
Original developers
Skinner HA
Population validated on
256 clients seeking help for alcohol or drug problems (original 28-item DAST). The 10-item short form was derived from this instrument.
Sensitivity
Reported across later validation studies; varies by population.
Specificity
Varies by population and threshold.
Availability / reuse note
Copyright H.A. Skinner / Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH); free for clinical use, permission required for commercial reuse.
Primary source citation
Skinner HA. Drug Abuse Screening Test, 10-item short form. Addictive Behaviors, 1982. PMID 7183189. [Verified on PubMed]

CRAFFT Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble

Read the CRAFFT information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
1999
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Knight JR, Shrier LA, Bravender TD, Farrell M, Vander Bilt J, Shaffer HJ
Population validated on
Adolescents in a hospital-based clinic (development sample). A subsequent validation paper (Knight et al. 2002, PMID 12038895) studied 538 patients aged 14 to 18.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. Boston Children's Hospital requires submission of the intended reproduction and an official approval letter; no approval for this public electronic implementation is on file.
Primary source citation
Knight JR, Shrier LA, Bravender TD, Farrell M, Vander Bilt J, Shaffer HJ. Car, Relax, Alone, Forget, Friends, Trouble. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 1999. PMID 10357299. [Verified on PubMed]

SCOFF Sick, Control, One stone, Fat, Food

Read the SCOFF information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
1999
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH
Population validated on
116 women with established eating disorders and 96 controls.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. Publication in BMJ establishes an evidence source, not a public commercial-web reproduction grant; current permission for this implementation is not on file.
Primary source citation
Morgan JF, Reid F, Lacey JH. Sick, Control, One stone, Fat, Food. BMJ, 1999. PMID 10582927. [Verified on PubMed]

PCL-5 PTSD Checklist for DSM-5

Open the PCL-5 self-check page

First published
2016
Items
20
Score range
0 to 80
Original developers
Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, Keane TM
Population validated on
Two veteran samples in U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs settings.
Recommended threshold
A provisional cut of 31 to 33 was reported as optimally efficient in the validation paper. Different cuts may be appropriate for different populations.
Sensitivity
Cut-specific values reported in the paper; see referenced abstract.
Specificity
Cut-specific values reported in the paper.
Availability / reuse note
Public domain. Distributed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD.
Primary source citation
Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, Keane TM. PTSD Checklist for DSM-5. Psychological Assessment, 2016. PMID 26653052. [Verified on PubMed]
Notes
An additional psychometric validation by Blevins et al. (2015), Journal of Traumatic Stress, PMID 26606250, is also widely cited.

PC-PTSD-5 Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5

Open the PC-PTSD-5 self-check page

First published
2016
Items
5
Score range
0 to 5
Original developers
Prins A, Bovin MJ, Smolenski DJ, Marx BP, Kimerling R, Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Kaloupek DG, Schnurr PP, Pless Kaiser A, Leyva YE, Tiet QQ
Population validated on
396 veterans receiving Veterans Affairs primary care.
Recommended threshold
A cut of 3 maximizes sensitivity, 4 balances sensitivity and specificity, 5 maximizes specificity.
Sensitivity
Area under the ROC curve of 0.941 reported in the abstract; cut-specific values in the paper.
Specificity
Cut-specific specificity reported in the paper.
Availability / reuse note
Public domain. Distributed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs National Center for PTSD.
Primary source citation
Prins A, Bovin MJ, Smolenski DJ, Marx BP, Kimerling R, Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Kaloupek DG, Schnurr PP, Pless Kaiser A, Leyva YE, Tiet QQ. Primary Care PTSD Screen for DSM-5. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2016. PMID 27170304. [Verified on PubMed]

ACE Questionnaire Adverse Childhood Experiences (original ACE Study)

Read the ACE Questionnaire information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
1998
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS
Population validated on
9,508 adult Kaiser Permanente HMO members in San Diego.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. CDC identifies specific CDC-Kaiser questionnaire versions as not copyrighted and without a use fee, but the former simplified site form was not verified as an exact published version.
Primary source citation
Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Adverse Childhood Experiences (original ACE Study). American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 1998. PMID 9635069. [Verified on PubMed]

DASS-21 Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 21-item

Read the DASS-21 information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2005
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Henry JD, Crawford JR
Population validated on
1,794 adults in a UK general-population sample.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
The form is public domain, but current UNSW guidance prohibits administration on a website or app open to the public and prohibits returning automated scores or interpretations to respondents. The linked route is informational only.
Primary source citation
Henry JD, Crawford JR. Depression Anxiety Stress Scales, 21-item. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 2005. PMID 16004657. [Verified on PubMed]
Notes
Original DASS-42: Lovibond SH & Lovibond PF, Behaviour Research and Therapy 1995, PMID 7726811.

MDQ Mood Disorder Questionnaire

First published
2000
Items
13 yes/no symptom items, plus a co-occurrence item and a functional impairment item.
Score range
0 to 13 on the symptom items.
Original developers
Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Calabrese JR, Flynn L, Keck PE Jr, Lewis L, McElroy SL, Post RM, Rapport DJ, Russell JM, Sachs GS, Zajecka J
Population validated on
198 patients across 5 outpatient clinics.
Sensitivity
0.73 (per the original validation paper)
Specificity
0.90 (per the original validation paper)
Availability / reuse note
Free for clinical use.
Primary source citation
Hirschfeld RM, Williams JB, Spitzer RL, Calabrese JR, Flynn L, Keck PE Jr, Lewis L, McElroy SL, Post RM, Rapport DJ, Russell JM, Sachs GS, Zajecka J. Mood Disorder Questionnaire. American Journal of Psychiatry, 2000. PMID 11058490. [Verified on PubMed]

MSI-BPD McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder

Read the MSI-BPD information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2003
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J
Population validated on
200 treatment-seeking adults aged 18 to 59.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The validation publication is not a reuse licence, and no authoritative grant for public electronic reproduction, scoring, or commercial use is on file.
Primary source citation
Zanarini MC, Vujanovic AA, Parachini EA, Boulanger JL, Frankenburg FR, Hennen J. McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder. Journal of Personality Disorders, 2003. PMID 14744082. [Verified on PubMed]

OCI-R Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Revised

First published
2002
Items
18
Score range
0 to 72
Original developers
Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, Salkovskis PM
Population validated on
215 patients with OCD plus comparison groups (PTSD, generalized anxiety disorder, social phobia, and non-anxious controls).
Sensitivity
ROC-derived values reported in the paper.
Specificity
ROC-derived values reported in the paper.
Availability / reuse note
Free for clinical and research use.
Primary source citation
Foa EB, Huppert JD, Leiberg S, Langner R, Kichic R, Hajcak G, Salkovskis PM. Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory, Revised. Psychological Assessment, 2002. PMID 12501574. [Verified on PubMed]

ASRS Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (WHO)

Open the ASRS self-check page

First published
2005
Items
6 (ASRS Screener) or 18 (full ASRS v1.1)
Score range
0 to 6 on the screener; the screener uses 4 darkly-shaded threshold responses.
Original developers
Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE
Population validated on
154 respondents from the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey Replication clinical reappraisal sample.
Recommended threshold
4 or more darkly-shaded responses on the 6-item screener indicates likelihood of adult ADHD.
Sensitivity
68.7% (6-item screener); 56.3% (18-item full).
Specificity
99.5% (6-item screener); 98.3% (18-item full).
Availability / reuse note
Copyright NYU and Harvard, not public domain. NYU permits clinical, nonclinical, and commercial use of the exact ASRS v1.1 six-question screener with attribution; modifications other than electronic recreation are not permitted. This does not grant rights to the 18-question checklist or ASRS-5.
Rights sources: NYU: ASRS v1.1 six-question terms. Checked September 5, 2026; source checking is not legal clearance.
Primary source citation
Kessler RC, Adler L, Ames M, Demler O, Faraone S, Hiripi E, Howes MJ, Jin R, Secnik K, Spencer T, Ustun TB, Walters EE. Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (WHO). Psychological Medicine, 2005. PMID 15841682. [Verified on PubMed]

AQ-10 Autism Spectrum Quotient, 10-item

Read the AQ-10 information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2012
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Allison C, Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S
Population validated on
1,000 individuals with autism spectrum conditions and 3,000 controls, across toddler, child, adolescent, and adult forms.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The Autism Research Centre permits specified non-profit research and educational uses; commercial and information-technology uses may require a licence and fees, and no applicable licence is on file.
Primary source citation
Allison C, Auyeung B, Baron-Cohen S. Autism Spectrum Quotient, 10-item. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2012. PMID 22265366. [Verified on PubMed]

SPIN Social Phobia Inventory

Read the SPIN information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2000
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH
Population validated on
Social phobia patients compared to non-clinical and other-anxiety-disorder controls.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. Current rights information directs prospective users to the copyright holder for permission and a possible user fee; no public electronic-use licence is on file.
Primary source citation
Connor KM, Davidson JR, Churchill LE, Sherwood A, Foa E, Weisler RH. Social Phobia Inventory. British Journal of Psychiatry, 2000. PMID 10827888. [Verified on PubMed]

K6 Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (6-item)

Open the K6 self-check page

First published
2002
Items
6 (K6); a 10-item version (K10) also exists.
Score range
0 to 24 on the K6.
Original developers
Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM
Population validated on
Validation in U.S. National Health Interview Survey samples.
Recommended threshold
13 or higher on the K6 commonly used as an indicator of probable serious mental illness in U.S. epidemiologic surveillance.
Sensitivity
Area under the ROC curve of 0.87 to 0.96 across analyses.
Specificity
Refer to the paper for cut-specific values.
Availability / reuse note
Free for non-commercial research and clinical use.
Primary source citation
Kessler RC, Andrews G, Colpe LJ, Hiripi E, Mroczek DK, Normand SL, Walters EE, Zaslavsky AM. Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (6-item). Psychological Medicine, 2002. PMID 12214795. [Verified on PubMed]

WHO-5 World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index

Open the WHO-5 self-check page

First published
2015
Items
5
Score range
Raw 0 to 25; commonly converted to 0 to 100 by multiplying by 4.
Original developers
Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P
Population validated on
Systematic review across multiple populations and clinical conditions. The WHO-5 itself was originally developed by the WHO Regional Office for Europe in 1998.
Recommended threshold
A score of 50 or below (raw 13 or below) is commonly used to suggest poor wellbeing or to prompt depression screening.
Sensitivity
Described as sensitive and specific for depression screening across the reviewed literature; cut-specific values reported in the cited primary studies.
Specificity
Refer to the primary studies cited within the systematic review.
Availability / reuse note
WHO publishes a 2024 edition with edition-specific licensing conditions. Check that form and WHO's permissions policy rather than assuming public-domain status. Commercial use requires permission covering the intended context; a free webpage alone does not establish that permission.
Rights sources: WHO: 2024 WHO-5 edition; WHO permissions policy. Checked September 5, 2026; source checking is not legal clearance.
Primary source citation
Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. World Health Organization Five Well-Being Index. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 2015. PMID 25831962. [Verified on PubMed]

Holmes-Rahe SRRS Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Read the Holmes-Rahe SRRS information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
1967
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Holmes TH, Rahe RH
Population validated on
394 subjects in the original development sample.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The primary publication does not grant public-web reproduction rights, and no current rights-holder permission covering electronic administration, calculation, or commercial use is on file.
Primary source citation
Holmes TH, Rahe RH. Social Readjustment Rating Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 1967. PMID 6059863. [Verified on PubMed]

Rosenberg SES Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale

Open the Rosenberg SES self-check page

First published
1965
Items
10
Score range
0 to 30 (or 10 to 40, depending on the scoring convention used).
Original developers
Rosenberg M
Population validated on
5,024 high school juniors and seniors in New York State (original 1965 monograph).
Recommended threshold
On the 0 to 30 scoring, scores under 15 are commonly described as indicating low self-esteem. The scale is typically used as a continuous measure of trait self-esteem rather than a diagnostic cutoff.
Sensitivity
Not applicable. The RSES is a trait self-esteem measure, not a diagnostic screening test.
Specificity
Not applicable.
Availability / reuse note
Public domain. Distributed by the University of Maryland (Rosenberg legacy archive); freely available for research and clinical use.
Primary source citation
Rosenberg M. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale. Society and the Adolescent Self-Image (Princeton University Press, 1965), 1965. Not indexed in PubMed (book monograph).. [Source verified (book, not on PubMed)]
Notes
The original publication is a 1965 book monograph and is not indexed in PubMed by design. The scale has been re-validated in dozens of subsequent peer-reviewed papers.

UCLA Loneliness Scale UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version 3

Read the UCLA Loneliness Scale information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
1996
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Russell DW
Population validated on
Multiple samples including college students, nurses, teachers, and elderly adults.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The author-controlled resource permits specified nonprofit research use; no written grant covering this public consumer website and commercial context is on file.
Primary source citation
Russell DW. UCLA Loneliness Scale, Version 3. Journal of Personality Assessment, 1996. PMID 8576833. [Verified on PubMed]
Notes
Original 1978 UCLA Loneliness Scale: Russell D, Peplau LA, Ferguson ML, Journal of Personality Assessment, PMID 660402.

ECR-R Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised

Read the ECR-R information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2000
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA
Population validated on
Adult attachment self-report data analyzed in the primary instrument-development publication.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The author permits noncommercial academic research use without a separate request and requires permission for commercial use; no commercial public electronic-use grant is on file.
Primary source citation
Fraley RC, Waller NG, Brennan KA. Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2000. Publisher DOI 10.1037/0022-3514.78.2.350. [Primary source verified]
Notes
The author recommends dimensional interpretation and cautions against forcing results into attachment categories. This site provides no questionnaire, scoring, category, or personal result.

BRS Brief Resilience Scale

Read the BRS information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2008
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J
Population validated on
Multiple adult samples described in the original validation publication.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The primary publication does not itself grant public consumer-web reproduction and automated-scoring rights, and no authoritative applicable grant is on file.
Primary source citation
Smith BW, Dalen J, Wiggins K, Tooley E, Christopher P, Bernard J. Brief Resilience Scale. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2008. PMID 18696313. [Verified on PubMed]
Notes
This site provides no questionnaire, score, resilience band, or personal result.

AIS Athens Insomnia Scale

Read the AIS information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2000
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ
Population validated on
Adults evaluated in the original validation publication.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. A University of Pennsylvania compilation records Elsevier permission for that publication, but that permission is not transferable; no written permission for this implementation is on file.
Primary source citation
Soldatos CR, Dikeos DG, Paparrigopoulos TJ. Athens Insomnia Scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 2000. PMID 11033374. [Verified on PubMed]
Notes
This site provides no questionnaire, score, threshold, severity label, or personal insomnia result.

WHO ASSIST Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test

Read the WHO ASSIST information and rights-status page

Information only: no questionnaire, answers, score, cutoff, or personal result

First published
2010
Public site status
Information only. MindCheck Tools does not reproduce, administer, score, or interpret this instrument.
Original developers
World Health Organization
Population validated on
Designed by WHO for primary-care and treatment settings; see the official manual for development and validation context.
Validation evidence
See the cited primary source for study-specific psychometrics. They are not used to generate an on-site result.
Availability / reuse note
Information only on this site. The official manual describes free use in specified primary-care and treatment settings, but no WHO grant covering direct-to-consumer public-web administration, automated results, or the site's commercial context is on file.
Primary source citation
World Health Organization. Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. The ASSIST-linked brief intervention for hazardous and harmful substance use: manual for use in primary care, 2010. Official WHO ASSIST manual. [Primary source verified]
Notes
This site provides no questionnaire, score, intervention category, individualized guidance, or diagnosis.

Why this matters

Validation evidence is specific to the instrument, its purpose, and the population studied. Consult the linked publication for what was tested and its limitations. A published study does not establish that every website implementation or population has been validated.

Study-level statistics are not a personal diagnosis or a guarantee about an individual result. A low screening score does not rule out a condition. If concerns remain, speak with a qualified professional rather than relying on a score alone.

Availability varies by instrument, version, use case, and rights holder. The reuse note in each entry is a starting point for due diligence, not a substitute for checking the current terms. This is especially important for commercial reuse, translations, modified wording, or redistribution outside the original clinical context.

Where the published abstract did not state a sensitivity or specificity value, this page says so directly. The validation literature on some instruments is large and evolving, so values stated here reflect the original validation paper. Subsequent studies in different populations may report different operating characteristics, and clinical guidelines change over time.

Related public-education guides

About this review

Citation details are checked against the linked PubMed record or identified source publication. Threshold and availability notes reflect the cited publication, instrument manual, or an identified secondary source when the abstract does not state them. The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (1965) is a book monograph and is not indexed in PubMed. For details about how the site applies these instruments, see the methodology page. Review covers source alignment, scoring limitations, and safety language. Editorial oversight: Jason Ramirez, CADC-II.

The September 5 corrections address source population, reuse wording, and support routing. They are not a new clinical review, an instrument-fidelity certification, or legal permission. CADC-II is a substance use counseling credential, not a physician, psychologist, or psychiatrist license.